(Ravenous/Liveright) Cuando le dieron el premio Nobel en . Describe these., What characteristics distinguish benign from malignant tumors?, Which important characteristic of tumor cells did Otto Warburg discover? Since 1931 he is Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Cell Physiology, there, a donation of the Rockefeller Foundation to the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft, founded the previous year. Corrections? A number of years later, Kleins boss approached Warburg for a recommendation on Kleins behalf. Few things would have been more upsetting to him than the thought of Nazi thugs chasing him out of the beautiful Berlin institute, modeled after a country manor and built specifically for him. He spent a significant portion of his life studying oxygen consumption and fermentation. The Warburg household often hosted prominent guests from the German . Dr. Otto Warburg was the man who discovered the cause of cancer, he was awarded the nobel prize in 1931 for his work. Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) fr Biologie, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany, Prize motivation: for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme. If this theory can explain the why of the Warburg effect, it still leaves the more pressing question of what, exactly, sets a cell on the path to the Warburg effect and cancer. shelved 179 times. For more than a century, these academic institutions have worked independently to select Nobel Prize laureates. Please enter valid email address to continue. He carried on research on kinetic theory of gases, electrical conductivity, gas discharges, heat radiation, ferromagnetism and photochemistry. Omissions? She said that Warburg's advice for an acquaintance who was experiencing emotional difficulties was "Tell him not to think about anything but science - think about absolutely nothing else - only science. George Klein has made a very important contribution to cancer research, Warburg wrote. And then, more quickly than anyone could have anticipated, the debate ended. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. Otto Heinrich Warburg (1883-1970; not to be confused with the Zionist of the same name) was a member of an illustrious Jewish family, known for some five centuries. (Upon learning he had won the Nobel Prize, Warburgs response was, Its high time.). His research, too, was hailed as a major breakthrough in our understanding of cancer. His methods involved detailed studies on the assimilation of carbon dioxide in plants, the metabolism of tumors, and the chemical constituent of the oxygen transferring respiratory ferment. Dr. Otto Warburg Dead at 86; Biochemist Won '31 Nobel Prize; https://www.nytimes.com/1970/08/04/archives/dr-otto-warburg-dead-at-86-biochemist-won-31-nobel-prize-cancer.html. This, together with the iron-oxygenase discovered earlier, has given a complete account of the oxidations and reductions in the living world. The Warburg Effect refers to the fact that cancer cells, somewhat counter intuitively, prefers fermentation as a source of energy rather than the more efficient mitochondrial pathway of oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). He died in Cincinnati in June 2017, less than a week after his return to the U.S. Sammarco said Warmbier was put . The cancer cells were ravenous for glucose. [24][25] Still, as evident from the references therein, this promising phenomenon still fails to explain the origin of cancer as Warburg originally proposed. Craig Thompson, the president and chief executive of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, has been among the most outspoken proponents of this renewed focus on metabolism. They had not spoken to their son Otto for a year and a half . Otto Heinrich Warburg was born on October 8, 1883 in Freiburg, then under German Empire, into a renowned Jewish family. A coroner's report dated Sept. 11 shows the cause of death for the University of Virginia student as complications from brain-damaging oxygen deprivation through "an unknown insult more than a year prior to death." Warmbier's parents told a Fox News TV show Tuesday that North Korea tortured and "destroyed" him. Aerobic glycolysis a hallmark of proliferative metabolism found across many kingdoms of life, but is frequently associated with cancer cells, and is known as the Warburg effect in this context. The Nobel laureate George Wald, having completed his Ph.D. in zoology at Columbia University, received an award from the U.S. National Research Council to study with Warburg. Alanins und Leucins. He was of Jewish descent and his relatives in finance were members of one of the world's most famous Jewish families. 1. Fred Warmbier said on CNN that his son's mouth "looked like someone had taken a pair of pliers and rearranged his bottom teeth.". Dr. Warburg devised instru ments and techniques that are widely used by chemists and physiologists. And, he did sports: long walks, horseback rid- ing, or sailing [3]. This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. Tasked with a mission to manage Alfred Nobel's fortune and hasultimate responsibility for fulfilling the intentions of Nobel's will. In clinical trials of the Agios drug, nearly 40 percent of patients who carry these mutations are experiencing at least partial remissions. MLA style: Otto Warburg Biographical. By measuring oxygen consumption in living cells and studying which enzymes reacted, in 1928 he concluded that the respiration enzyme he was looking for was a red ferrous pigment related to the blood pigment, hemoglobin. [1] In particular, he discovered that animal tumors produce large quantities of lactic acid. In 1950 Warburg moved into a remodeled building in Berlin which had been occupied by U.S. armed forces following World War II. Today Boveri is celebrated for discovering the origins of cancer, but another German scientist, Otto Warburg, was studying sea-urchin eggs around the same time as Boveri. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. But after the war, Warburg fired all the technicians, suspecting that they had reported his criticisms of the Third Reich to the Gestapo. Otto Heinrich Warburg was born on October 8, 1883, in Freiburg, Baden. It is so fundamental to most cancers that a positron emission tomography (PET) scan, which has emerged as an important tool in the staging and diagnosis of cancer, works simply by revealing the places in the body where cells are consuming extra glucose. To cite this section At the time . Its perhaps not entirely surprising, then, that when researchers want to grow breast-cancer cells in the lab, they add insulin to the tissue culture. He is unmarried and has always been interested in equine sport as a pastime. Weinberg says that there isnt yet enough evidence to know whether the levels of insulin and IGF-1 present in obese people are sufficient to trigger the Warburg effect. Otto Warmbier escorted by guards at the supreme court in Pyongyang in March 2016. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Despite differences in origin, cancer cells have several features in common that differentiate them from normal cells. Hitler was obsessed with cancer, having lost his own mother to breast cancer at an early age. at the time of the award and first By measuring oxygen consumption in living cells and studying which enzymes reacted, in 1928 he concluded that the respiration enzyme he was looking for was a red ferrous . In 1930, German biochemist Otto Warburg, M.D., proposed that cancer was caused by altered metabolismderanged energy processingin the cell. When Thompson presents his research to high-school students, he shows them a slide of mold spreading across a piece of bread. Published on April 18, 2021 11:28 AM. (modern). and more. But the results of numerous epidemiological studies have been striking. Otto Frederick Warmbier (C), shown in a March 2016 photo after his sentencing. His parents did not cite a specific cause of death but blamed awful, torturous mistreatment by North Korea. [18][19] According to the Nobel Foundation, this rumor is not true; although he was considered a worthy candidate, he was not selected for the prize at that time.[16]. Fourteen laureates were awarded a Nobel Prize in 2022, for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. This discovery has opened up new ways in the fields of cellular metabolism and cellular respiration. Those men had explained the mysteries of the universe with a handful of fundamental laws, and the young Warburg came to believe he could bring that same elegant simplicity and clarity to the workings of life. "Cancer, above all other diseases, has countless secondary causes. The Death of Otto. 1931) and wrote New Methods of Cell Physiology (1962). Photo illustration by Cristiana Couceiro. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931, Otto Warburg - Nobel Lecture: The Oxygen-Transferring Ferment of Respiration. Academic research fraud is now a real problem. Given Warburgs own story of historical neglect, its fitting that what may turn out to be one of the most promising cancer metabolism drugs has been sitting in plain sight for decades. (Our muscle cells turn to fermentation during intense exercise.) Instead Warburg persisted in calling them grana, the term he came up with when he identified those structures as the site of cellular respiration. This was complicated by deep vein thrombosis. Birthplace: Freiburg, Germany Location of death: Berlin, West Germany Cause of death: Illness. Modesty was not a virtue of Otto Warburg, says George Klein, a 90-year-old cancer researcher at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden. The metabolic catalysts that Warburg spent his career analyzing began to be referred to as housekeeping enzymes necessary to keep a cell going but largely irrelevant to the deeper story of cancer. In 1944 he was nominated for a second Nobel Prize, hut could not accept because of a ban by the Nazi Government. No conclusions about the cause and manner of Mr Warmbiers death have been drawn at this time as there are additional medical records and imaging to review and people to interview, the coroners office said in a statement. Doctors in the US said his condition was probably caused by a heart attack that cut the blood supply to his brain. When they remove the insulin, the cancer cells die. Just as Thompson has redefined the role of AKT, Chi Van Dang, director of the Abramson Cancer Center at the University of Pennsylvania, has helped lead the cancer world to an appreciation of how one widely studied gene can profoundly influence a tumors metabolism. This autobiography/biography was written Nor . Scientists now wonder if metabolism could prove to be the long-sought Achilles heel of cancer, a common weak point in a disease that manifests itself in so many different forms. WARBURG, O, The sensitivity of oxygen respiration in relation to indifferent narcotics. His father didn't respond immediately Wednesday to requests for comment. (As Dominic DAgostino, an associate professor at the University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, told me, The book that my students have to use for their cancer biology course has no mention of cancer metabolism.) But over the past decade, and the past five years in particular, something unexpected happened: Those housekeeping enzymes have again become one of the most promising areas of cancer research. He studied under Emil Fischer in Berlin, until receiving a Doctorate in Chemistry in 1906. Long before his death, Warburg was considered perhaps the greatest biochemist of the 20th century, a man whose research was vital to our understanding not only of cancer but also of respiration and photosynthesis. Updates? Krebs would later write a complete, not-entirely-salutary biography of Warburg, titled Otto Warburg: Cell Physiologist . American molecular biologist and biochemist. The toxic effect of carbon monoxide on man has nothing to do with inhibition of cellular respiration by carbon monoxide but is based on the reaction of carbon monoxide with blood iron. His father said he was making an "involuntary, inhuman sound," "staring blankly into space jerking violently," and was blind and deaf with his head shaved. Retrospective studies, which look back at patient histories, suggest that many people who develop colorectal, pancreatic or breast cancer have elevated insulin levels before diagnosis. The result made no sense. We dont know yet.. He made some very seminal discoveries back in the early part of the 20th century. While Warburg's hypothesis certainly inspired the scientific community to further investigate the field of cancer metabolism, his tendency to oversimplify[26] perhaps prevented him from accepting the vastly complex role and interactions between both the mitochondria and nucleus, or more generally, metabolism and mutations. Einstein and Warburg later became friends, and Einstein's work in physics had a great influence on Warburg's biochemical research. Their work and discoveries range from paleogenomics and click chemistry to documenting war crimes. [34], The Otto Warburg Medal is intended to commemorate Warburg's outstanding achievements. Otto Warburg https://www.biologicalmedicineintitus com/e. Tasked with a mission to manage Alfred Nobel's fortune and hasultimate responsibility for fulfilling the intentions of Nobel's will. 1 May 2023. By 1931 he was named director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Cell Physiology, which had been founded the previous year by a donation of the Rockefeller Foundation to the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft (since renamed the Max Planck Society). Theyre addicted to nutrients, Dang says; when they cant consume enough, they begin to die. Three scientists who worked in Warburg's lab, including Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, went on to win the Nobel Prize in future years. Wallstein 2008, S. 83f. He then studied under von Krehl and obtained the degree, Doctor of Medicine (Heidelberg), in 1911. Warburgs discovery, later named the Warburg effect, is estimated to occur in up to 80 percent of cancers. Summarized in a few words, the prime cause of cancer is the replacement of the respiration of oxygen in normal . [4] Emil was a member of the illustrious Warburg family of Altona. The work of Otto Heinrich Warburg has been having a profound influence on the way we think about tumor metabolism. [22], Today, mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are thought to be responsible for malignant transformation, and the metabolic changes Warburg thought of as causative are now considered to be a result of these mutations. But there are a limited number of ways that the body can produce energy and support rapid growth. The incomplete combustion, turning nutrients into energy without oxygen, is known as fermentation. In the years following his breakthrough, Warburg became convinced that the Warburg effect occurs because cells are unable to use oxygen properly and that this damaged respiration is, in effect, the starting point of cancer. When did Otto Warburg die? His experiments also showed that iron is essential for the development of the larval stage. His search for the cell constituents that are involved in oxygen consumption led to identification of the role of the cytochromes, a family of enzymes in which the iron-containing heme group binds molecular oxygen, just as it does in the blood pigment hemoglobin. He stopped eating bread unless it was baked in his own home. OTTO WARBURG, A. W. GEISSLER, and S. LORENZ: ber die letzte Ursache und die entfernten . Otto Frederick Warmbier (C), shown in a March 2016 photo after his sentencing. (Trials of the drug have yet to begin.) . Agios Pharmaceuticals, a company co-founded by Thompson, is now testing a drug that treats cases of acute myelogenous leukemia that have been resistant to other therapies by inhibiting the mutated versions of the metabolic enzyme IDH 2. I think theres no doubt that insulin is pro-cancer, Watson says, with respect to the link between obesity, diabetes and cancer. The challenge Warburg faced then is the same one that metabolism researchers face today: Cancer is an incredibly persistent foe. He says that the effects of a sugary diet on colorectal, breast and other cancer models looks very impressive and rather scary.. For his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme, the Nobel Prize has been awarded to him in 1931. On 1 . Its as good a hypothesis as we have now. Watson takes metformin for cancer prevention; among its many effects, metformin works to lower insulin levels. Hitler may have spared him in hope that the scientist would, save him from cancer. His observations and meth ods found important applica tions in the study of cancer. [7] [9], In 1968, he suffered a broken femur. Emil was also president of the Physikalische Reichsanstalt, Wirklicher Geheimer Oberregierungsrat (True Senior Privy Counselor). [10] An unabashed anglophile, Otto Warburg was thrilled when Oxford University awarded him an honorary doctorate. UC Health doctors said in June that Warmbier was in a state of "unresponsive wakefulness" and had suffered a "severe neurological injury" of uncertain cause. Instead, the cancer cells fueled their growth by swallowing up enormous amounts of glucose (blood sugar) and breaking it down without oxygen. O tto Heinrich Warburg was born on October 8, 1883, in Freiburg, Baden. During his time with Warburg, 19321933, Wald discovered vitamin A in the retina. Researchers working in a lab run by Peter Pedersen, a professor of biochemistry at Johns Hopkins, discovered that a compound known as 3-bromopyruvate can block energy production in cancer cells and, at least in rats and rabbits, wipe out advanced liver cancer. At Heidelberg he worked on the process of oxidation. References: 1 A lengthy biographical sketch of Warburg with a rigorous and insightful perspective on his early scientific work was published by his student Hans Krebs after Warburg died in 1970 in Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 18 628-699 (1972). The Rockefeller Foundation reportedly offered to continue funding his work if he emigrated. He . He was 86 years old. When the Nazis came to power, people of Jewish descent were forced from their professional positions, although the Nazis made exceptions. As a young man, Klein was asked to send cancer cells to Warburgs lab. On Sunday, Mark Wahlberg shared a photo of his mother Alma Wahlberg died. One of his most important pub lications was The Metabolism of TUmors, published in 1930. He would drink milk only if it came from a special herd of cows, and used a centrifuge at his lab to make his cream and butter. Otto Warburg studied chemistry under Emil Fischer, and earned his doctorate in chemistry in Berlin in 1906. Dr. Warburg once recalled that he was removed from his post in 1941 because of the fact that he was half Jewish. published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. There are typically many mutations in a single cancer. The 22-year-old student died in USA where he was brought to a comatose state immediately after his release. Summarized in a few words, the prime cause of cancer is the replacement of the respiration of oxygen in normal body cells by a fermentation of sugar. It is impossible to get reliable information about the welfare and treatment of foreigners detained in North Korea Washington only learned of Otto Warmbiers condition in early June. All of Issels' convictions were overturned. The hope of scientists at the forefront of the Warburg revival is that they will be able to slow or even stop tumors by disrupting one or more of the many chemical reactions a cell uses to proliferate, and, in the process, starve cancer cells of the nutrients they desperately need to grow. Whether Hitler was personally aware of Warburgs research is unknown, but one of Warburgs former colleagues wrote that several sources told him that Hitlers entourage became convinced that Warburg was the only scientist who offered a serious hope of producing a cure for cancer one day., Although many Jewish scientists fled Germany during the 1930s, Warburg chose to remain. But, even for cancer, there is only one prime cause. Several outreach organisations and activities have been developed to inspire generations and disseminate knowledge about the Nobel Prize. Then, in the early 1900s, the Nobel-prize winning Dr. Otto Warburg, suggested that cancer cells "live in hypoxic, very low oxygen, and acidic conditions and derive energy from sugars by fermenting them the way yeast does. He has sent me the cells with which I have solved the cancer problem. Klein also recalls the lecture Warburg gave in Stockholm in 1950 at the 50th anniversary of the Nobel Prize. Even James Watson, one of the fathers of molecular biology, is convinced that targeting metabolism is a more promising avenue in current cancer research than gene-centered approaches. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick pieced together the structure of the DNA molecule and set the stage for the triumph of molecular biologys gene-centered approach to cancer. His own egotism may have led him to underestimate the potential threat posed by the Nazis. Dr Otto Heinrich Warburg from a lecture delivered by Otto personally at the 1966 annual meeting of Nobelists at Lindau, Germany: "nobody today can say that one does not know what cancer and its prime cause [may] be. August 22, 2021 by archyde. [citation needed], In 1944, Warburg was nominated for a second Nobel Prize in Physiology by Albert Szent-Gyrgyi, for his work on nicotinamide, the mechanism and enzymes involved in fermentation, and the discovery of flavin (in yellow enzymes). According to an article in the November, 2010 issue of Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research ( Biographical Sketch: Otto Heinrich Warburg, PhD, MD ), Warburg was speaking to a group of other Nobel Laureates when he said.. "Cancer, above all other diseases, has countless secondary causes. In the first decade of the 20th century, the German biologist Theodor Boveri discovered that if he fertilized sea-urchin eggs with two sperm rather than one, some of the cells would end up with the wrong number of chromosomes and fail to develop properly. [2,3] From this, he theorized that these low-oxygen and highly-acidic conditions caused cancer. 2017 CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved. ", "Otto Warburg: the Jewish doctor and the Nazi war on cancer", A Systems Approach to Biology, by Jeremy Gunawardena, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, lecture 1, September 2011, "Biographical Sketch: Otto Heinrich Warburg, PhD, MD", Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, "Cancer as a metabolic disease: implications for novel therapeutics", "Cancer as a mitochondrial metabolic disease", "The role of mitochondria in the oncogenic signal transduction", "Metabolic Alterations in Cancer Cells and the Emerging Role of Oncometabolites as Drivers of Neoplastic Change", "Mitochondria orchestrate proteostatic and metabolic stress responses", "An evolutionary, or "Mitocentric" perspective on cellular function and disease", "suffered a broken femur, complicated by deep vein thrombosis, and in 1970, Otto Heinrich Warburg died from a pulmonary embolism; from Google (otto warburg died) result 3", Newspaper clippings about Otto Heinrich Warburg, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Heinrich_Warburg&oldid=1150042882, Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine, Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class, Recipients of the Pour le Mrite (civil class), Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021, Articles needing additional references from November 2015, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023, Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 16 April 2023, at 00:55. What drives aerobic glycolysis, and why it is associated with proliferation, has been a long-standing question [2,3]. NobelPrize.org. Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Cell Physiology, Learn how and when to remove this template message, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, "Nomination Database - Physiology or Medicine", "Dr. Otto heinrich warburg-survivor of ethical storms", "Lactate and Acidity in the Cancer Microenvironment", "Warburg effect(s)a biographical sketch of Otto Warburg and his impacts on tumor metabolism", "The WWII-era scientist who revolutionized cancer researchdespite the Nazis", "How Did a Gay Scientist of Jewish Descent Thrive Under the Nazis? Pneumonia, a blood clot, kidney failure or sepsis could have killed Otto Warmbier, but he almost certainly never had a chance of recovering, neurologists said Monday. But given his ego, its highly unlikely that he would have considered the possibility that anything other than damaged respiration could cause cancer. His special interest in the investigation of vital processes by physical and chemical methods led to attempts to relate these processes to phenomena of the inorganic world. In addition to many publications of a minor nature, Warburg is the author of Stoffwechsel der Tumoren (1926), Katalytische Wirkungen der lebendigen Substanz (1928), Schwermetalle als Wirkungsgruppen von Fermenten (1946), Wasserstoffbertragende Fermente (1948), Mechanism of Photosynthesis (1951), Entstehung der Krebszellen (1955), and Weiterentwicklung der zellphysiologischen Methoden (1962). AKA Otto Heinrich Warburg. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. " Ravenous: Otto Warburg . That Warburg was able to live in Germany and continue his research throughout World War II, despite having Jewish ancestry and most likely being gay, speaks to the German obsession with cancer in the first half of the 20th century. He said once that he sought to trace the events of life to the events of the in animate world. North Korea has denied mistreating Warmbier, sentenced to 15 years of hard labor in March 2016 for allegedly stealing a propaganda poster two months earlier. [9] Almost 90 years ago, German physiologist and physician Otto Warburg first posed the question about why some cells consume nutrients differently. In 1997, Dang became one of the first scientists to connect molecular biology to the science of cellular metabolism when he demonstrated that MYC a so-called regulator gene well known for its role in cell proliferation directly targets an enzyme that can turn on the Warburg effect. Warburg also investigated photosynthesis and was the first to observe that the growth of malignant cells requires markedly smaller amounts of oxygen than that of normal cells. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. After his favorite sister Lotte died of cancer in 1948, Warburg also quit smoking [4]. Childhood & Early Life. Warburg drew four diagrams on a blackboard explaining the Warburg effect, and then told the members of the audience that they represented all that they needed to know about the biochemistry of cancer. Otto Warburg is a Foreign Member of the Royal Society, London (1934) and a member of the Academies of Berlin, Halle, Copenhagen, Rome, and India. Otto Heinrich Warburg was born October 8, 1883 in Freiburg, Baden-Wrttemberg, Germany. Otto Warburg died on 1 August 1970, after a very short illness. From these experiments it may be concluded that de-differentiated cells die if one tries to normalize their metabolism. [20] He worked with Dean Burk on the quantum yield of photosynthesis. Others have suggested that Warburg was so totally devoted to his work that he was prepared not only to stay in Germany but to tolerate the treatment of his Jewish colleagues and relatives by the Nazis. Authors have speculated on why he stayed in Germany under the Reich. In 1918 he was appointed Professor at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology, Berlin-Dahlem. Dr. Warburg received the Nobel Prize in medicine and physiology in 1931 for his dis covery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme. It was a stampede, says Thomas Seyfried, a biologist at Boston College, of the move to molecular biology. His father, the physicist Emil Warburg, was President of the Physikalische Reichsanstalt, Wirklicher Geheimer Oberregierungsrat. North Korea denies that US student Otto Warmbier was tortured, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, 2023 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies. [citation needed] He was awarded the Order Pour le Mrite in 1952 and was known to tell other universities not to bother with honorary doctorates.

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