Utilizing a GIS-based approach to estimate production potential of three perennial grasses (giant miscanthus (Miscanthus giganteus), Merkeron napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum), and Alamo switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)), it was estimated that 2.29.4 Tg year1 of total biomass and 7783296 Ml year1 of ethanol could be produced annually on marginal lands (field borders and grassed waterways) in the Coastal Plain Region of Georgia. Generally, Napier grass can grow between 10 to 33 degrees Celcius, but more or less temperature affects their growth including a sudden change in seasonal conditions. The 50% irrigation level provided net returns $145ha1 higher than the non-irrigated level. Peanut Sci 37:100105, Nuti RC, Lamb MC, Sorensen RB, Truman CC (2009) Agronomic and economic response to furrow diking in irrigated and non-irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The longest leaf length. These breakeven prices reflect the competiveness of napier grass grown as a perennial crop compared to individual annual crops commonly grown in rotation sequences together. CAS Hybrid Chilli Yield Red and Green Per Acre in India. One acre of Napier grass planted by the conventional method can give enough feed for 1 to 2 dairy cows for one year For this analysis, production costs per ton and breakeven prices will be provided based on both variable and total costs of production. The partial net returns to irrigation do not imply that irrigated napier grass is more profitable per unit area or yield, but only suggest that the increased revenue from yield increases was sufficient to cover the added cost of irrigation. In this method, a specific kind of rooster is the primary choice for meat. super Napier yield in the natural irrigation is better. Corn was planted at 6.5 seeds m1. Analysis of variance showed that irrigation level had a significant effect on partial net returns (P=0.0498). Available at http://www.nass.usda.gov (accessed 10 October 2016). The middle rows were used to determine yield and obtain samples for post-harvest quality evaluations. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Thus, it is the best choice to get more benefits in terms of cost, space . Cenchrus purpureus, synonym Pennisetum purpureum, also known as Napier grass, elephant grass or Uganda grass, is a species of perennial tropical grass native to the African grasslands. The breakeven prices are calculated for total costs (variable and fixed costs) for all crops. In Thumbzika method of the plantation, again there are two types. The estimated yield loss due to smut disease ranges from 26 to 46%. After 80 days, after the first harvest, the weed can be take if necessary. In non-irrigated production regime napier grass was, however, more competitive. For a long time, naturally cultivated farming can save 8 years of good yield and protein level. 2005. Gir cow's forehead is Bulging out. Description. 1. The required breakeven prices in the 50 and 100% napier grass irrigation levels were basically the same. 8 harvests per annum. It can also be harvested up to 6 times in a single year. The 100% irrigation level provided a 29% increase in yield over the non-irrigated treatment (8238kgha1) and 27% yield increase resulted for the 50% irrigation rate compared to the non-irrigated (5957kgha1). Plough the land with help of tractors or whatever method you want to. Calculating breakeven yields, prices, and cross commodity prices in annual crops is straightforward. Care should be taken to ensure that at least 2 nodes are within the soil. Let's understand the performance and all the important points of HF cow and its milk. Although Napier grass grows for the whole year, all seasons but they get affected by rapid change of seasons. In rectangular pits, plantation of 10 cuttings should be done for every length 90 centimetres. Napier grass which is scientifically called as Pennisetum purpureum is the one which has its origin in grasslands of Africa. The following will help you to get an idea of investment and setup cost(initial and per cycle) in hydroponic farming. It has high crisp leaves. For corn, the breakeven price was reached in 2years during the 5-year period and 7years of the 10-year period. The reproduction of Napier grass is done in a vegetative way through shoots which are horizontal called stolon which locate above the soil extending from the parent to the offspring. The 5-year (20112015) average price in Georgia for peanuts, corn, and cotton was used in this study at $545.11Mg1, $1.71kg1, and $223.93Mg1, respectively [11]. Two of the nodes of the grass are being buried in the soil and one node will be above the ground level. Now mix 1 topsoil : 2 farmyard manure and place it in the pits. Economic Competitiveness of Napier Grass in Irrigated and Non-irrigated Georgia Coastal Plain Cropping Systems, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-018-9916-1, Agronomic performance, nitrogen acquisition and water-use efficiency of the perennial grain crop Thinopyrum intermedium in a monoculture and intercropped with alfalfa in Scandinavia, Perennial Bioenergy Crop Yield and Quality Response to Nitrogen Fertilization, Alley Cropping System in Degraded Land of Central India: Evaluation of Crop Performance, Economic Benefit and Soil Nutrients Availability, Conservation Agriculture-based Sustainable Intensification of Cereal Systems Leads to Energy Conservation, Higher Productivity and Farm Profitability, Cover crops for weed suppression in organic vegetable systems in semiarid subtropical Texas, Herbage accumulation, nutritive value and beef cattle production on marandu palisadegrass pastures in integrated systems, Green Manuring for Low-input Irrigated Maize Cultivation as an Energy Crop in Mediterranean Climates, Mulching and nitrogen management in peanut cultivation: an evaluation of productivity, energy trade-off, carbon footprint and profitability, Utilisation of cover crops: implications for conservation agriculture systems in a mediterranean climate region of South Africa, https://doi.org/10.1094/CM-2011-0721-02-RS. The alternative source is applying natural pesticide. At least 14045 splits are required for planting per acre. Super Napier grass contains 14 to 18% of protein which helps animals to get healthy and productive. Now, start trimming the roots to a length of about 2.5 inches. The objectives of this research are twofold: (1) address the yield response of napier grass under varying irrigation levels and fertility treatments and (2) incorporate existing data on cost of production coupled with irrigated and non-irrigated yield trial data for napier grass, peanut, corn, and cotton to address napier grass profitability relative to a peanut, corn, and cotton cropping system. It can affect the growth of the plant and create rottenness in your plants. Yields are highest at the 100% irrigation level. Co.CN4 is a recent hybrid Napier grass released by TNAU, Coimbatore, which is a cross between Cumbu Co.8 and Napier grass F.T.461. Just beside horns, Gir cow ears rest downwards. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 145:1321, Article After harvest, samples were further cured to around 9% moisture, weighed, and riffle divided to obtain a 1800g sent to the Alabama Federal State Inspection Service (Dothan, AL) to obtain peanut grade factors including foreign material, total sound mature kernels, sound splits, other kernels, loose shelled kernels, and damage kernels. No yield differences resulted at the 100% irrigation level between 84 and 168kgha1N rate or comparing the 168 and 336kgha1N rates. The soil should be fully absorbed and given the required nutrients then the soil should be extinguished. Plant become stunted and eventually die. No yield difference was associated with N rates in the non-irrigated regime. Stem cuttings (3 nodes lengths) were placed in a sand and soil mix during the fall of 2009. Its like similar to the working of in a pr, The thing that bothers beginners of the Dairy farming business is the selection of high milk-producing cattle. It is suitable for cultivation throughout the year. Res. Because of the irrigation water, some spontaneous plants and useless grass can grow with Super Napier grass. Resulting from objective 2 will be cross commodity breakeven prices for each crop such that returns per acre are equal providing price points at which napier grass is economically competitive to the cropping system as well as crops with the system. Very good yields are obtained from the soils which are fertile with rich content of organic matter and nutrients. At the top end of the range, napier grasses have been shown to yield up to 80 dry tonnes per hectare per year, . First harvest can be done within 75 to 80 days from the day of planting. Napier grass, a tropical plant, can grow up in drought and dry conditions. J Plant Reg 1:120120, Williams EJ, Drexler JS (1981) A non-destructive method for determining peanut pod maturity. Total rainfall received was fairly consistent in all years for all crops with the exception of 2013. Sita: Brachiaria grass is a tropical forage that is native to Africa. Even in a small space, we can practice hydroponic farming. Cuttings Style. Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing. USDA Natl. Cross commodity breakeven prices are also calculated within WholeFarm [16]. Each and every seedling has to be separated from the clump. Linda-Maria Dimitrova Mrtensson, Ana Barreiro, Erik Steen Jensen, Sichao Wang, Gregg R. Sanford, Kurt D. Thelen, Sunil Kumar, T. Kiran Kumar, Probir Kumar Ghosh, Flabiele S. da Silva, Leandro F. Domiciano, Bruno C. Pedreira, Aikaterini Karyoti, Kyriakos D. Giannoulis, Nicholaos G. Danalatos, Mousumi Mondal, Sourav Garai, Rajib Kundu, Ernst H. Smit, Johann A. Strauss & Pieter A. Swanepoel, BioEnergy Research Breakeven prices for napier grass ranged from $65 to $84Mg1 at variable and total costs. Weight - Sahiwal cow is a heavyweight animal. HF Cow and milk per day HF cows are not Indian but they are popular in India. The crop of Napier grass will be sown mostly in the last week of February to the last week of August in India. If you don't have parental land then it cost higher than expected, but if you have already then it cost you very little in a year. Napier grass (cv. Method of propagation. The net return to irrigation in the 100% irrigation level did not differ from the 50% irrigation level and net returns to both irrigation levels were higher than the non-irrigated level. In the Dairy farming business, super Napier grass is a major factor in the success of the business. In case you missed it: How to Grow Alfalfa from Seed: A Guide to Planting to Harvesting . The rainfall received in 2013 is the primary reason the napier grass lodged and complicated harvest. Napier grass, a C4 monocot with high biomass production with good drought tolerance, water use efficiency, and performance across a wide range of soil conditions, was shown to have advantages in terms of biomass production compared to Alamo switchgrass and giant miscanthus in the Coastal Plain region of Georgia [6,7,8]. 9:587600, Hanna WW, Chaparro CJ, Mathews BW, Burns JC, Sollenberger LE, Carpenter JR (2004) Perennial Pennisetums. When we talk about Hydroponic farming, we can relate it with eco-friendly methods of agriculture. The breakeven napier grass price was estimated such that the net returns were equal between napier grass and peanut, cotton, corn cropping systems. Most people are now interested in Foreign breeds like Jersey and HF like cows. Principal purpose of chicken farm is to raise chickens for meat. You need to only feed up to 60 to 70 kilograms of the Napier grass which is fresh to a cow in a day. volume11,pages 574582 (2018)Cite this article. Variable cost were derived from previous studies aimed at providing energy cane production cost in Louisiana and Florida where variable cost ranged from 59 to 79% of total cost of production at the farm level [4, 5, 20]. Napier plant with smutted tillers (initial symptom). You may use . We assume that the crop mix is equally balanced with peanut, cotton, and corn for comparison with napier grass. It is better to get at least a practical idea to start a hydroponic farming business. Your email address will not be published. Disease mainly spreads through wind and plant materials. Wet soil is preferred at the roots but you need to make sure that it is not stagnated. A randomized block design was used to compare sprinkler irrigation with a non-irrigated control during the 20112015 crop years with three replications, and each crop was produced in each crop year within the rotation sequences. Grazing should not be done directly to the animals. But, to get a very good yield which results in maximum returns, the sowing should be done by the end of February. The establishment of seedlings will be done very rapidly from the slips rather than the ones which are grown from stem cuttings. Breakeven prices (cost per acre divided by yield) provide the prices at which production costs are covered for the given yield. After this, watering should be done immediately. . BEST WAY TO ORGANIC FARMER. These horns are not so big but they are one of the signs to identify the Gir cow breed. Agric. Since napier grass is more competitive in a non-irrigated regime, it is most likely that producers will consider this option especially in periods of reduced crop prices or higher prices for bioenergy feedstocks. Buy Napier Grass Seeds From Here: Product Napier Grass Seeds. The roots of the Napier grass which are deep are the ones which make it resistant to drought. Weeding can be done just before 20 days of your next crops. In the absence of a reliable price series for napier grass or energy cane, one method to address this is the estimate the breakeven (minimum) price for napier grass at which napier grass would equal the returns over variable and total cost of the peanut, cotton, corn production system. Peanut Res. Cinc. Super Napier grass which is scientifically a cross of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum). Napier grass is used in the pest management strategy as a pull crop which attracts the pests to come out of the plant. One is Round pit and the other is a rectangular pit. When the added cost of irrigation between the 100 and 50% was accounted, net return in the 100% irrigation level was $23.50 and $169ha1 higher than the 50% and non-irrigated levels, respectively. In the sowing process, every cutting pinch deep inside the soil and just the upper part of the cutting opens towards the sky. The growth of Napier grass occurs quickly. This makes it a very good raw material for the production of biofuel. It has the ability to withstand repeated cutting and will rapidly regenerate, producing palatable leafy shoots [4]. Perusal of table 1 revealed that majority of the beneficiaries (50%) observed the yield of 22 tons per acre. Your seed/cutting must have at least 2 nodes, otherwise, your yield may not be in extra amount. It is C4 plant and can grow well in marginal land. For the pits which are round, digging should be done at a depth of up to 60 centimetres and a width of 90 centimetres. He focuses on learning and delivering knowledge on Agriculture and Home Gardening. Peanut, corn, and cotton were also produced in irrigated and non-irrigated environments. Links will be auto-linked. Napier grass can grow in a large variety of soils. Her horns are quite curved upwards. If the price received for peanuts is greater than the breakeven then peanuts are more profitable. Butts, E.J. . 2016. Crop Sci 29:1327, Skevas T, Swinton SM, Tanner S, Sanford G, Thelen KD (2016) Investment Bioenergy Crops. Next irrigations apply after few days of the weeding process. That is when the climate is warm. In one year, 6 to 8 crops of Super Napier grass can be harvest. Make sure that you are applying at least 10 to 12 tonnes of farmyard manure in each and every hole. Defence from the desease. A high yielding Napier grass race in Asia. Agron J 101(5):12341242, Balat M, Balat H (2009) Recent trends in global production and utilization of bio-ethanol fuel. Can be grown for commercial hay production. A weighted system is used to average soil water potential over the 3 depths where the shallowest sensor carries 43% of the average compared to 32% at 0.4m and 25% at 0.6m. An average soil water potential of 50kPa will trigger irrigation [14, 15]. When plants appear 15 cm and just more from the ground level, first composting can apply to the plants. Although yield increases were associated with increasing N rates in the irrigated regimes, partial budget analysis for N rates showed no difference in net returns to N rates (P=0.4217). Google Scholar, Knoll JE, Anderson WF, Malik R, Hubbard RK, Strickland TC (2013) Production of Napier grass for bioenergy under organic versus inorganic fertilization in the Southeast USA. This is the method which gives very high yields of herbage even in the seasons which are dry. China raise the maximum number of chickens in the world for meat. Differences in napier grass yield resulted between the irrigation rates and the non-irrigated yield (Table 3). Full-size bell and ash, as well as 50 percent of nitrogen, should be applied as base manual. Agriculture Reviewaims to guide farmers and gardeners to excel in their work. 8:134141, Lamb M, Sorensen R, Nuti RC, Butts CL, Faircloth WH, Eigenberg D, Rowland DL (2011) Agronomic and economic effect of irrigation rate in corn produced in Georgia. It is also called Uganda grass or elephant grass. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-018-9916-1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-018-9916-1. Nitrogen and potassium costs were $1.10 and $0.75 per kilogram, respectively. Napier grass cannot survive in the lands which are waterlogged and prone to floods. The quality is good with high calcium, magnesium and phosphorus and very low oxalate content. For non-irrigated practices, the required breakeven price for peanuts was not reached during the 5-year period and twice during the 10-year period (Table 6). Let's start with how to identify hf cows. Economic Competitiveness of Napier Grass in Irrigated and Non-irrigated Georgia Coastal Plain Cropping Systems. Hence crop protection is not necessary. WASTE DECOMPOSER! 2014 showed a range of $88 to $101Mg1 with land rent included over five energy cane varieties and crop cycle lengths. Growing up to a high height (400 - 500 cm). Let's understand the Sahiwal cow and her performance in the dairy farming business. The entire stem should be planted at the time of heavy rainfall and in the areas which are hilly. Napier grass had lower global warming (GW) impacts and biomass delivery costs, 34-153 kg CO eq. BioEnergy Res 6(2):110, Mark TB, Salassi ME, Deliberto MA (2009) Developing a cellulosic ethanol industry in Louisiana. After 25 to 30 days, weeding of spontaneous plants is necessary, otherwise, they can stop the growth of your crop. Head smut was reported first in 1910 from Napier grass specimen collected from Cameroon. Irrigated peanut, cotton, and corn yields were increased 52, 93, and 297% over the non-irrigated yield (P0.05) during the 20112015 crop years (Table 2). Selected cuttings or seeds must have at least 2 nodes, otherwise, the yield will not be satisfying. Best management practices and in-season scouting were used for disease, weed, and insect control. Super Napier grows well in all types of water. The shoot become hard and flowers prematurely. Irrigation scheduling (timing and amount) was managed by the Irrigator Pro for peanut, corn, and cotton program developed and released by the USDA/ARS NPRL. Concerns related to reducing productive cropland for the production of biofuels are warranted and will continue into the future. There is no need to weed after that. Conventional tillage practices were followed for peanut, corn, and cotton. But in the present time, things are changed. Educ. Besides other green fodders like Berseem, Super Napier grass is one of the most productive and healthy green fodder for animals, especially for dairy farming animals. When harvesting the fodder should be remove along the ground level. The cost for the N rates of 84, 168, and 336kgha1 were $93, $168, and $336 per hectare, respectively. The USDA-ARS WholeFarm planning system was utilized to calculate net returns and breakeven yields and prices. The buds of the cuttings should face up and should not be damaged. Yield range is 380-400 tons/ha. The results indicate that under recent crop prices and production levels, napier grass will not compete against traditional irrigated cropping systems. We use water mixture minerals necessary requirements that plants need. Now, the plantation has to be done along the contour line in order to control soil erosion. BIHAR THUNDERSTORM | SAFETY MEASURES FOR FARMERS. The main effect of year was also significant (P<0.001). However, estimates of napier grass yields and cost of production coupled with complete return analysis for peanut, corn, and cotton allow estimation of the price required for napier grass to equal profitability to other crops and the peanut, cotton, corn cropping system. Numerous annual and perennial warm-season grasses have been introduced and their management practices have been evaluated to determine their suitability as biofuel feedstocks [1, 2]. To achieve this goal, increased emphasis was placed on the development of cellulosic biofuels. It grows in all kinds of soil. Do you want to learn Napier grass cultivation, if yes then you are on the right page. This activity is very dangerous. The water level of irrigation water must not be above the middle section of the plants. Corn varieties differed each year due to availability and consisted on P33M53RR2 (2011), P1814HR (2012), P1456HR (2013), and P1636YHR (2014 and 2015) (Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., Johnston, IA). of Florida, IFAS Extension. Because its fragrance on the surface of the leaves hesitates cattle to eat the fodders. Napier grass also grows very well at an altitude of 1800 m to 2000m above the sea level. After the sowing process gets completed, the first irrigation does just by showering water on the soil. Table 6 provides the yearly non-irrigated napier grass yield, breakeven napier grass price relative to the peanut, cotton, corn cropping system, and the breakeven price of each crop within the cropping system compared to napier grass. As a result, significantly less irrigation was applied in 2013 for all crops. Other napier varieties at optimum guarantee 16 tonnes wet and eight tonnes dry. Merkeron napier grass plots were established in 2010 and harvested during crop years 2011 through 2015 adjacent to an on-going peanut, corn, and cotton cropping systems study. Infected plants show thinner, shorter stems and produce few small size leaves. Now in the round pits, plantation of about 10 cane cuttings should be done. Napier grass possesses many desirable characteristics, including high yield per unit area, tolerance to intermittent drought and high water use efciency [2], making it a forage of choice. Napier grass yield increases were associated with higher N rates varied with irrigation levels (Table 4). Variable costs for non-irrigated peanuts, corn, and cotton were $1323, $724, and $1006ha1 and fixed costs were $469, $237, and $470ha1, respectively. Though yield difference between the 100 and 50% irrigation levels was significant, added costs for applying irrigation were incurred. The current study focused on the feasibility of biogas production from Napier grass. This is because, late sowing gives only one cut by the last week of November and after that, it stays in a dormant stage. The propagation of Napier grass can be done easily. The main effect of irrigation was significant for yield for all crops: napier grass, all years (30,396kgha1 100% irrigated vs. 28,114kgha1 50% irrigated vs. 22,180kgha1 non-irrigated (P<0.001)); peanuts (6395kgha1 irrigated vs. 4205kgha1 non-irrigated (P<0.001)); cotton (1537kgha1 irrigated vs. 795kgha1 non-irrigated (P<0.001)); and corn (12,847kgha1 irrigated vs. 3228kgha1 non-irrigated (P<0.001)) (Table 2). (2013) made a similar observation and suggested that soil N availability in a Tifton loamy sand must remain above 100kgha1year1 in order to maintain yield stability [2]. As a result, numerous perennial warm-season grasses have been introduced and management practices evaluated to determine their suitability as biofuel feedstocks. It produce large number of tillers. Don't fill irrigation water more than 2 inches when the plant becomes 20 cm long. The increased yield in the 100% irrigation treatment and was negated by the increased irrigation application cost compared to the 50% irrigation treatment. Organic Farming : Myths and Facts Read or Miss Out, Farming System: Definition And Types Of Farming System, Insight On Cultivation Of Rice: From Sowing To Harvesting. The distance between the rows of the pits should be 60 centimetres. Lamb, M.C., Anderson, W.F., Strickland, T.C. Every cutting must fix at a 45 to 55-degree angle. If you are trying to plant slips, there is no need to wait for more time for the grass to grow. The combined fertility treatments did not have an effect on napier grass yield (P=0.054). Peanut Sci. Bioenerg Res 7:609619, Article Each plot consisted of three rows 10m long (2m between rows) with 9 plants within each row. Farmers should, therefore, continue to establish Napier grass using the current recommended size of three-node cuttings. Cropping systems in the coastal plain of Georgia primarily consist of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and corn (Zea mays L.). Read More BIHAR THUNDERSTORM | SAFETY MEASURES FOR FARMERSContinue, Read More Soybean Crop and CultivationContinue, Read More How To Control LEAF CURL VIRUS In Chilli?Continue, Read More Organic Farming : Myths and Facts Read or Miss OutContinue, Read More Farming System: Definition And Types Of Farming SystemContinue, Read More Insight On Cultivation Of Rice: From Sowing To HarvestingContinue, Your email address will not be published. Super Napier Grass price per kg. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. However, the grass yield at the cutting intervals of 30, 45, 60 and 90 days was 16.88, 37.50, 62.50 and 81.25 tons dry weight/hectare/year, respectively. Harvest the crop once in 45 days. Combined fertilizer treatment yield effects in napier grass for N and K fertilizers were not significant and are removed from the statistical model for yield to achieve greater replication (Table 2). Head turns into smut. Paturages et alimentation des ruminants en zone tropicale humide, 1989, 333-348: High leaf stem rate ; Durers (25 - 30 punches) and tilted. In cotton the required breakeven price was not reached during the 5-year period and was reached only two times during the 10-year price period.